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  2. Multiple comparisons problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem

    However, if one considers 100 confidence intervals simultaneously, each with 95% coverage probability, the expected number of non-covering intervals is 5. If the intervals are statistically independent from each other, the probability that at least one interval does not contain the population parameter is 99.4%.

  3. Balls into bins problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_into_bins_problem

    In the simplest case, if one allocates balls into bins (with =) sequentially one by one, and for each ball one chooses random bins at each step and then allocates the ball into the least loaded of the selected bins (ties broken arbitrarily), then with high probability the maximum load is: [8]

  4. Bertrand's box paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_box_paradox

    If a card pulled from the hat is red on one side, the probability of the other side also being red is ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠. 53 students participated and were asked what the probability of the other side being red were. 35 incorrectly responded with ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ ; only 3 students correctly responded with ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠ .

  5. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    A weaker three-sigma rule can be derived from Chebyshev's inequality, stating that even for non-normally distributed variables, at least 88.8% of cases should fall within properly calculated three-sigma intervals. For unimodal distributions, the probability of being within the interval is at least 95% by the Vysochanskij–Petunin inequality ...

  6. Urn problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urn_problem

    In this basic urn model in probability theory, the urn contains x white and y black balls, well-mixed together. One ball is drawn randomly from the urn and its color observed; it is then placed back in the urn (or not), and the selection process is repeated. [3] Possible questions that can be answered in this model are:

  7. Monty Hall problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

    Many probability text books and articles in the field of probability theory derive the conditional probability solution through a formal application of Bayes' theorem⁠ — among them books by Gill [51] and Henze. [52] Use of the odds form of Bayes' theorem, often called Bayes' rule, makes such a derivation more transparent. [34] [53]

  8. Kruskal–Wallis test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal–Wallis_test

    The parametric equivalent of the Kruskal–Wallis test is the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A significant Kruskal–Wallis test indicates that at least one sample stochastically dominates one other sample. The test does not identify where this stochastic dominance occurs or for how many pairs of groups stochastic dominance obtains.

  9. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from 0% to ...