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Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate [2]) was a historical Bulgar [3] [4] [5] state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia.
[1] [2] The Mongols besieged and sacked Bilär, Bolghar, Suar, Cükätaw, and most other cities and castles of Volga Bulgaria; killing or enslaving virtually all inhabitants. Volga Bulgaria became a part of the Ulus Jochi, later known as the Golden Horde. The territory was later divided into duchies; each of which eventually received or gained ...
1241–1242: Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia; 1242–1243: Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire; 1264/1265: Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace; 1271, 1274, 1282 and 1285: Raids against Bulgaria. [citation needed] 1291: Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde. 1324 and 1337: Tatar incursions against Byzantine Thrace. [citation needed]
There was interest in Islam as well, seen in the book Answers to the Questions of the King of the Burgar addressed to him about Islam and Unity by the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833) for the Pontic/Bosporan Bulgars, [146] while it was officially adopted in Volga Bulgaria as a state religion in 922. [160] [179]
In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea and the Sasanian Empire, via the Volga River. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Rus used this route to trade with Muslim countries on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, sometimes penetrating as far as Baghdad .
In 1271 Nogai Khan led a successful raid against the country, which was a vassal of the Golden Horde until the early 14th century. Bulgaria was again raided by the Mongols in 1274, 1280 and 1285. In 1278 and 1279 Tsar Ivailo led the Bulgarian army and crushed the Mongol raids before being surrounded at Silistra. [79]
Bolghar (Russian: Болгарское городище) was intermittently the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 10th to the 13th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky ...
The former territories of Volga Bulgaria were integrated into the Mongol Empire in 1236 and later became part of the lands of the Golden Horde. [2] After the collapse of Mongol rule in the region, much of the old Volga Bulgarian state became part of the new Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552), which in many ways was a continuation of Volga Bulgaria. [1]