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As an argument for the existence of purgatory, Protestant religious philosopher Jerry L. Walls [125] wrote Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation (2012). He lists some "biblical hints of purgatory" (Mal 3:2; 2 Mac 12:41–43; Mat 12:32; 1 Cor 3:12-15) that helped give rise to the doctrine, [ 126 ] and finds its beginnings in early ...
Likewise, John Calvin, central theologian of Reformed Protestantism, considered purgatory a superstition, writing in his Institutes (5.10): "The doctrine of purgatory ancient, but refuted by a more ancient Apostle. Not supported by ancient writers, by Scripture, or solid argument.
It has been argued that the Bible itself has a variety of verses that seem to support a plurality of views. [1] Universal salvation may be related to the perception of a problem of Hell, standing opposed to ideas such as endless torment in Hell, but may also include a period of finite punishment similar to a state of purgatory. [1]
In the 16th century, Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged the doctrine of purgatory because they believed it was not supported in the Bible. Both Calvin and Luther continued to believe in an intermediate state, but Calvin held to a more conscious existence for the souls of the dead than Luther did.
It uses general historical principles, and it is primarily based on reason rather than revelation or faith. There are four primary types of biblical criticism: [10] Form criticism: an analysis of literary documents, particularly the Bible, to discover earlier oral traditions (stories, legends, myths, etc.) upon which they were based.
Biblical apologetics include issues concerned with the authorship and date of biblical books, biblical canon, and biblical inerrancy. Christian apologists defend and comment on various books of the Bible. Some scholars who have engaged in the defense of biblical inerrancy include Robert Dick Wilson, Gleason Archer, Norman Geisler and R. C ...
[42] [43] Mortalists’ theological arguments were also used to contest the Catholic doctrine of purgatory and masses for the dead. [44] [45] [46] The British Evangelical Alliance ACUTE report states the doctrine of soul sleep is a "significant minority evangelical view" that has "grown within evangelicalism in recent years". [47]
Immediately upon death, each person undergoes the particular judgment, and depending upon one's behavior on earth, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell. Those in purgatory will always reach heaven, but those in hell will be there eternally. The Last Judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead, and "our 'mortal body' will come to life ...