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Umayyad authority was challenged in the Second Muslim Civil War, during which the Sufyanid line of Mu'awiya was replaced in 684 by Marwan I, who founded the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs, which restored the dynasty's rule over the Caliphate. The Islamic empire reached its largest geographical extent under the Umayyads. [1]
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (UK: / uː ˈ m aɪ j æ d /, [2] US: / uː ˈ m aɪ æ d /; [3] Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) [4] was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world. [6] The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid ...
721 – An Umayyad army led by Al-Samh crushed by duke Odo's Aquitanian army at the Battle of Toulouse ("Balat Al Shuhada" of Toulouse). 722 – An Umayyad patrol defeated by Pelagius at the Battle of Covadonga in the mountains of Asturias. 725 – Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi subdues all Septimania, raids the Lower Rhone.
Raja managed the affair, calling the Umayyad princes into Dabiq's mosque and demanding that they recognize Sulayman's will, which Raja had kept secret. [16] Only after the Umayyads accepted did Raja reveal that Umar was the caliph's nominee. [16] Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik voiced his opposition, but relented after being threatened with violence. [16]
Mu'awiya I (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان, romanized: Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān Arabic pronunciation: [muʕaːwija ibn abiː sufjaːn]; c. 597, 603 or 605 –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.
The Emirate of Córdoba, from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts of North Africa, with its capital in Córdoba (at the time Qurṭubah).
Umayyad caliphate (661–750, based in Damascus) Abbasid caliphate (750–1258, based in Baghdad) Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341, based in Damascus and Aleppo) Zengid dynasty (1127–1250, based in Aleppo) Annazids (991–1258; Kurdistan) Burid dynasty (1104–1154) Hamdanid dynasty (890–1004, based in Aleppo) Uqaylid dynasty (990–1096; Syria ...