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In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.
The term "polynomial", as an adjective, can also be used for quantities or functions that can be written in polynomial form. For example, in computational complexity theory the phrase polynomial time means that the time it takes to complete an algorithm is bounded by a polynomial function of some variable, such as the size of the input.
A polynomial's exponents must be non-negative integers, but its independent variables and coefficients can be arbitrary real numbers; on the other hand, a posynomial's exponents can be arbitrary real numbers, but its independent variables and coefficients must be positive real numbers.
Solving for , = = = = = Thus, the power rule applies for rational exponents of the form /, where is a nonzero natural number. This can be generalized to rational exponents of the form p / q {\displaystyle p/q} by applying the power rule for integer exponents using the chain rule, as shown in the next step.
The function e z is a transcendental function, which means that it is not a root of a polynomial over the ring of the rational fractions (). If a 1 , ..., a n are distinct complex numbers, then e a 1 z , ..., e a n z are linearly independent over C ( z ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (z)} , and hence e z is transcendental over C ( z ...
The polynomial () (+) is a cubic polynomial: after multiplying out and collecting terms of the same degree, it becomes + +, with highest exponent 3. The polynomial (+ +) + (+ + +) is a quintic polynomial: upon combining like terms, the two terms of degree 8 cancel, leaving + + + +, with highest exponent 5.
The polynomial + + is not homogeneous, because the sum of exponents does not match from term to term. The function defined by a homogeneous polynomial is always a homogeneous function. An algebraic form, or simply form, is a function defined by a homogeneous polynomial. [notes 1] A binary form is a form in two variables. A form is also a ...
Note that the polynomial in parentheses is the derivative of the polynomial above with respect to a. Since a = n(n + 1)/2, these formulae show that for an odd power (greater than 1), the sum is a polynomial in n having factors n 2 and (n + 1) 2, while for an even power the polynomial has factors n, n + 1/2 and n + 1.