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Chemical stimuli, such as odorants, are received by cellular receptors that are often coupled to ion channels responsible for chemotransduction. Such is the case in olfactory cells . [ 12 ] Depolarization in these cells result from opening of non-selective cation channels upon binding of the odorant to the specific receptor.
Subliminal stimuli (/ s ʌ b ˈ l ɪ m ɪ n əl /; sub-literally "below" or "less than") [1] are any sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold for conscious perception, in contrast to supraliminal stimuli (above threshold). [2] Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked to ...
Within such a framework several kinds of stimuli have been distinguished. Sequential illustration of Pavlov's dog experiment In the theory of classical conditioning , unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response (UR), while conditioned stimulus (CS) is an originally irrelevant stimulus that ...
Antecedent stimuli (paired with reinforcing consequences) activate centers of the brain involved in motivation, [4] while antecedent stimuli that have been paired with punishing consequences activate brain centers involved in fear. [5] Antecedents play a different role while attempting to trigger positive and negative outcomes. [6]
The potential stimuli for sexual arousal vary from person to person, and from one time to another, as does the level of arousal. Stimuli can be classified according to the sense involved: somatosensory (touch), visual, and olfactory (scent). Auditory stimuli are also possible, though they are generally considered secondary in role to the other ...
Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation" [1] or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically varying the ...
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, which mediates wakefulness, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, desire ...
Bottom-up saliency filters automatically enhance the response to infrequent stimuli, or stimuli of instinctive or learned biological relevance (exogenous attention). [ 87 ] Neurally, at different hierarchical levels spatial maps can enhance or inhibit activity in sensory areas, and induce orienting behaviors like eye movement.