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Ostwald ripening is a phenomenon observed in solid solutions and liquid sols that involves the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time, in that small crystals or sol particles first dissolve and then redeposit onto larger crystals or sol particles.
The Ostwald–Freundlich equation governs boundaries between two phases; specifically, it relates the surface tension of the boundary to its curvature, the ambient temperature, and the vapor pressure or chemical potential in the two phases. The Ostwald–Freundlich equation for a droplet or particle with radius is:
Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature. [ 3 ] This can be explained on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics, structural relationships, or a combined consideration of statistical thermodynamics and structural variation with temperature.
Ostwald's rule of polymorphism: in general, the least stable polymorph crystallizes first; The Ostwald Process, a synthesis method for making nitric acid from ammonia; Ostwald ripening, a crystallization effect; Ostwald color system; Ostwald's law of dilution; Wolfgang Ostwald, chemist and biologist, son of Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald. He studied ...
Ostwald noted that the law of mass action can be applied to such systems as dissociating electrolytes. The equilibrium state is represented by the equation: + + If α is the fraction of dissociated electrolyte, then αc 0 is the concentration of each ionic species.
Evolution of random initial data with = and = (60/40 mix of the blue and red phases, respectively), demonstrating Ostwald ripening When one phase is significantly more abundant, the Cahn–Hilliard equation can show the phenomenon known as Ostwald ripening, where the minority phase forms spherical droplets, and the smaller droplets are absorbed ...
Ostwald's law of dilution, which gives the dissociation constant of a weak electrolyte as a function of concentration, can be written in terms of molar conductivity. Thus, the p K a values of acids can be calculated by measuring the molar conductivity and extrapolating to zero concentration.
The Ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. [2] Historically and practically, the Ostwald process is closely associated with the Haber process, which provides the requisite raw material, ammonia (NH 3). This method is preferred over ...