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Epilobium hirsutum seed head dispersing seeds. In spermatophyte plants, seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. [1] Plants have limited mobility and rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their seeds, including both abiotic vectors, such as the wind, and living vectors such as birds.
Epilobium hirsutum — Seed head. In the broadest sense, dispersal occurs when the fitness benefits of moving outweigh the costs. There are a number of benefits to dispersal such as locating new resources, escaping unfavorable conditions, avoiding competing with siblings, and avoiding breeding with closely related individuals which could lead to inbreeding depression.
Seed traps are used in ecology and forestry to capture seeds falling from plants, allowing seed production and dispersal to be quantified. They come in several forms, including funnel traps, sticky traps (using materials such as fly paper ), nets and pots exposed in the field.
Seeds have evolved traits to reward animals to enhance their dispersal abilities. [5] Differing foraging behaviours of animals can lead to selection of dispersal traits and spatial variation [3] [8] such as increase in seed size for mammal dispersal, which can limit seed production. [9]
Afzelia africana seeds bearing elaiosomes Chelidonium majus diaspores consisting of hard-coated seeds and attached elaiosomes. Myrmecochory (/ m ɜːr m ɪ ˈ k ɒ k ɔː r i / (sometimes myrmechory); [1] from Ancient Greek: μύρμηξ, romanized: mýrmēks ("ant") and χορεία khoreíā ("circular dance") is seed dispersal by ants, an ecologically significant ant–plant interaction ...
A different class of shattering mechanisms involves dehiscence of the mature fruit, which releases the seeds. Rapeseed and the shattering types of sesame are harvested before the seed is fully mature, so that the pods do not split and drop the seeds. [3] [4] [5] Harvesting shattering types of sesame involves wrapping the cut plants before ...
Diplochory, also known as “secondary dispersal”, “indirect dispersal” or "two-phase dispersal", is a seed dispersal mechanism in which a plant's seed is moved sequentially by more than one dispersal mechanism or vector. [1]
The project never came to fruition. Seed balls were experimentally used in aerial seeding in Kenya in 2016. [10] [11] This was an attempt to improve the yield of standard aerial seeding. The use of seed balls, instead of simple seeds, to perform aerial reforestation in Kenya seems to have produced desirable results. [12]