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Cachexia (/ k ə ˈ k ɛ k s i ə / [1]) is a syndrome that happens when people have certain illnesses, causing muscle loss that cannot be fully reversed with improved nutrition. [2] It is most common in diseases like cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and AIDS.
Malnutrition first causes fat loss but may progress to muscle atrophy in prolonged starvation and can be reversed with nutritional therapy. In contrast, cachexia is a wasting syndrome caused by an underlying disease such as cancer that causes dramatic muscle atrophy and cannot be completely reversed with nutritional therapy.
Cachexia is a major issue, especially in the elderly. [50] Cachexia can occur in most major diseases including infections, cancer, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke. [51] Skeletal muscle provides a fundamental basis for human function, enabling locomotion and respiration.
Brain death is used as an indicator of legal death in many jurisdictions, [7] but it is defined inconsistently and often confused by the public. [8] Various parts of the brain may keep functioning when others do not anymore, and the term "brain death" has been used to refer to various combinations.
Marasmus is commonly represented by a shrunken, wasted appearance, loss of muscle mass, and subcutaneous fat mass in adult survivors, due to a deficiency in macronutrients and caloric intake (specifically protein) that impact development.
Hypertonia is a condition characterized by increased muscle tone, leading to stiffness and difficulty in movement.
Delirium (formerly acute confusional state, an ambiguous term that is now discouraged) [1] is a specific state of acute confusion attributable to the direct physiological consequence of a medical condition, effects of a psychoactive substance, or multiple causes, which usually develops over the course of hours to days.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome (AKS [clarification needed]).Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome.