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Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene .
The name derives from the 2 rounds of duplication originally hypothesized by Ohno, but refined in a 1994 version, and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999. Variations in the number and timings of genome duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis.
A classic view, owing to Susumu Ohno, [1] which is known as Ohno model, he explains how duplication creates redundancy, the redundant copy accumulates beneficial mutations which provides fuel for innovation. [2] Knowledge of evolution by gene duplication has advanced more rapidly in the past 15 years due to new genomic data, more powerful ...
A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions. One such family are the genes for human hemoglobin subunits; the ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.
Single gene duplication is a random process and tends to make duplicated genes scattered throughout the genome. Duplicated blocks are non-overlapping because they were created simultaneously. Segmental duplication within the genome can fulfill the first rule; but multiple independent segmental duplications could overlap each other. [18]
[6] [7] [8] Gene redundancy has long been appreciated as a source of novel gene origination; [8] that is, new genes may arise when selective pressure exists on the duplicate, while the original gene is maintained to perform the original function, as proposed by newer models [4]. Figure 1. Common mechanisms of gene duplication.
This gene duplication has created a copy number variation. The chromosome now has two copies of this section of DNA, rather than one. Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals. [1]
Similar to gene duplication, whole genome duplication is the process by which an organism's entire genetic information is copied, once or multiple times which is known as polyploidy. [20] This may provide an evolutionary benefit to the organism by supplying it with multiple copies of a gene thus creating a greater possibility of functional and ...