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A direct formula for the conversion from a quaternion to Euler angles in any of the 12 possible sequences exists. [2] For the rest of this section, the formula for the sequence Body 3-2-1 will be shown. If the quaternion is properly normalized, the Euler angles can be obtained from the quaternions via the relations:
The rotation is described by four Euler parameters due to Leonhard Euler. The Rodrigues' rotation formula (named after Olinde Rodrigues ), a method of calculating the position of a rotated point, is used in some software applications, such as flight simulators and computer games .
3D visualization of a sphere and a rotation about an Euler axis (^) by an angle of In 3-dimensional space, according to Euler's rotation theorem, any rotation or sequence of rotations of a rigid body or coordinate system about a fixed point is equivalent to a single rotation by a given angle about a fixed axis (called the Euler axis) that runs through the fixed point. [6]
In formal language, gimbal lock occurs because the map from Euler angles to rotations (topologically, from the 3-torus T 3 to the real projective space RP 3, which is the same as the space of rotations for three-dimensional rigid bodies, formally named SO(3)) is not a local homeomorphism at every point, and thus at some points the rank (degrees ...
In Van Elfrinkhof's formula in the preceding subsection this restriction to three dimensions leads to p = a, q = −b, r = −c, s = −d, or in quaternion representation: Q R = Q L ′ = Q L −1. The 3D rotation matrix then becomes the Euler–Rodrigues formula for 3D rotations
Problems of this sort are inevitable, since SO(3) is diffeomorphic to real projective space P 3 (R), which is a quotient of S 3 by identifying antipodal points, and charts try to model a manifold using R 3. This explains why, for example, the Euler angles appear to give a variable in the 3-torus, and the unit quaternions in a 3-sphere.
Rotation formalisms are focused on proper (orientation-preserving) motions of the Euclidean space with one fixed point, that a rotation refers to.Although physical motions with a fixed point are an important case (such as ones described in the center-of-mass frame, or motions of a joint), this approach creates a knowledge about all motions.
It uses the sequence z-y-z, with notation phi, theta, psi. We can easily verify that the formulas given on this page are wrong for that standard, by computing omega once from phi,theta,psi and their derivatives, and once from the quaternion q as per the presented formula her, and its derivative dq.