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where is the electron density of the material and the effective bohr radius. The constant C {\displaystyle C} , according to various estimates, is 2.0, 2.78,4.0, or 4.2. If the criterion is satisfied (i.e. if the density of electrons is sufficiently high) the material becomes conductive (metal) and otherwise it will be an insulator.
The SI unit of absolute thermal resistance is kelvins per watt (K/W) or the equivalent degrees Celsius per watt (°C/W) – the two are the same since the intervals are equal: ΔT = 1 K = 1 °C. The thermal resistance of materials is of great interest to electronic engineers because most electrical components generate heat and need to be cooled.
The construction industry makes use of measures such as the R-value (resistance) and the U-value (transmittance or conductance). Although related to the thermal conductivity of a material used in an insulation product or assembly, R- and U-values are measured per unit area, and depend on the specified thickness of the product or assembly. [note 2]
Testing method is specified in IEC standard 60112 and ASTM D3638. To measure the tracking, 50 drops of 0.1% ammonium chloride solution are dropped on the material, and the voltage measured for a 3 mm thickness is considered representative of the material performance. Also term PTI (Proof Tracking Index) is used: it means voltage at which during ...
Even if the material's resistivity is known, calculating the resistance of something made from it may, in some cases, be much more complicated than the formula = / above. One example is spreading resistance profiling , where the material is inhomogeneous (different resistivity in different places), and the exact paths of current flow are not ...
Installed faced fiberglass batt insulation with its R-value visible (R-21) [1]. The R-value is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive [2] flow of heat, in the context of construction. [3]
A much larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics which can be thermoset or thermoplastic in ...
R is the electrical resistance of the specimen, the ratio of voltage to current (measured in ohms, Ω) is the length of the piece of material (measured in metres, m) A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen (measured in square metres, m 2).