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[7] [8] The three mass values are not yet known as of 2024, but laboratory experiments and cosmological observations have determined the differences of their squares, [9] an upper limit on their sum (< 2.14 × 10 −37 kg), [1] [10] and an upper limit on the mass of the electron neutrino. [11] Neutrinos are fermions, which have spin of 1 / ...
Particles and their antiparticles have equal and opposite charges, so that an uncharged particle also gives rise to an uncharged antiparticle. In many cases, the antiparticle and the particle coincide: pairs of photons, Z 0 bosons, π 0 mesons, and hypothetical gravitons and some hypothetical WIMPs all self-annihilate. However, electrically ...
All known fermions except neutrinos, are also Dirac fermions; that is, each known fermion has its own distinct antiparticle. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Dirac fermion or a Majorana fermion. [4] Fermions are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are classified according to whether they interact via the strong interaction or ...
The weak interaction is unique in that it allows quarks to swap their flavour for another. The swapping of those properties is mediated by the force carrier bosons. For example, during beta-minus decay , a down quark within a neutron is changed into an up quark, thus converting the neutron to a proton and resulting in the emission of an ...
The W bosons are known for their mediation in nuclear decay: The W − converts a neutron into a proton then decays into an electron and electron-antineutrino pair. The Z 0 does not convert particle flavor or charges, but rather changes momentum; it is the only mechanism for elastically scattering neutrinos. The weak gauge bosons were ...
In particle physics, a truly neutral particle is a subatomic particle that is its own antiparticle. In other words, it remains itself under the charge conjugation, which replaces particles with their corresponding antiparticles. All charges of a truly neutral particle must be equal to zero.
The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron with symbol n. It differs from the neutron only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign.It has the same mass as the neutron, and no net electric charge, but has opposite baryon number (+1 for neutron, −1 for the antineutron).
According to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle. It is not currently known whether this is the case. The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists [3] [4] [5] and was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. [6]