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In mathematics, a transformation, transform, or self-map [1] is a function f, usually with some geometrical underpinning, that maps a set X to itself, i.e. f: X → X. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Examples include linear transformations of vector spaces and geometric transformations , which include projective transformations , affine transformations , and ...
A wide variety of sigmoid functions including the logistic and hyperbolic tangent functions have been used as the activation function of artificial neurons. Sigmoid curves are also common in statistics as cumulative distribution functions (which go from 0 to 1), such as the integrals of the logistic density , the normal density , and Student's ...
Affine transformation (Euclidean geometry) Bäcklund transform; Bilinear transform; Box–Muller transform; Burrows–Wheeler transform (data compression) Chirplet transform; Distance transform; Fractal transform; Gelfand transform; Hadamard transform; Hough transform (digital image processing) Inverse scattering transform; Legendre ...
An example of such linear fractional transformation is the Cayley transform, which was originally defined on the 3 × 3 real matrix ring. Linear fractional transformations are widely used in various areas of mathematics and its applications to engineering, such as classical geometry , number theory (they are used, for example, in Wiles's proof ...
For example, every integral transform is a linear operator, since the integral is a linear operator, and in fact if the kernel is allowed to be a generalized function then all linear operators are integral transforms (a properly formulated version of this statement is the Schwartz kernel theorem).
In mathematics and mathematical optimization, the convex conjugate of a function is a generalization of the Legendre transformation which applies to non-convex functions. It is also known as Legendre–Fenchel transformation, Fenchel transformation, or Fenchel conjugate (after Adrien-Marie Legendre and Werner Fenchel).
Nowhere continuous function: is not continuous at any point of its domain; for example, the Dirichlet function. Homeomorphism: is a bijective function that is also continuous, and whose inverse is continuous. Open function: maps open sets to open sets. Closed function: maps closed sets to closed sets.
For example, a linear map is a homomorphism of vector spaces, while the term linear function may have this meaning or it may mean a linear polynomial. [3] [4] In category theory, a map may refer to a morphism. [2] The term transformation can be used interchangeably, [2] but transformation often refers to a