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Electrophilic halogenation. In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. This organic reaction is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful method for adding substituents to an aromatic system. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst ...
Halogenation. In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide -containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. [1] This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is ...
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic. [1 ...
The term enol is an abbreviation of alkenol, a portmanteaus deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and the "-ol". Many kinds of enols are known. [1] Keto–enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a "keto" form (a carbonyl, named for the common ketone case) and an enol. The interconversion of the two forms involves the transfer of an ...
The Nencki reaction (1881) is the ring acetylation of phenols with acids in the presence of zinc chloride. [24] In a green chemistry variation aluminium chloride is replaced by graphite in an alkylation of p-xylene with 2-bromobutane. This variation will not work with primary halides from which less carbocation involvement is inferred. [25]
Alpha-halogenation of aldehydes and ketones. A particularly common α-substitution reaction in the laboratory is the halogenation of aldehydes and ketones at their α positions by reaction Cl 2, Br 2 or I 2 in acidic solution. Bromine in acetic acid solvent is often used. Remarkably, ketone halogenation also occurs in biological systems ...
Hammett equation. In organic chemistry, the Hammett equation describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para- substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. [1][2] This ...
Toluene (/ ˈtɒl.juiːn /), also known as toluol (/ ˈtɒl.ju.ɒl, - ɔːl, - oʊl /), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [15] with the chemical formula C6H5CH3, often abbreviated as PhCH3, where Ph stands for phenyl group. It is a colorless, water -insoluble liquid with the odor associated with paint thinners.