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The hydrogen anion, H −, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The hydrogen anion is an important constituent of the atmosphere of stars, such as the Sun. In chemistry, this ion is called hydride. The ion has two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing one proton.
The configuration that corresponds to the lowest electronic energy is called the ground state. Any other configuration is an excited state. As an example, the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1, as deduced from the Aufbau principle (see below).
As the electron cloud of the iodine nears the aluminum atom, the negative charge of the electron cloud "cancels" out the positive charge of the aluminum cation. This produces an ionic bond with covalent character. A cation having inert gas like configuration has less polarizing power in comparison to cation having pseudo-inert gas like ...
This website is also cited in the CRC Handbook as source of Section 1, subsection Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. 91 Pa : [Rn] 5f 2 (3 H 4) 6d 7s 2; 92 U : [Rn] 5f 3 (4 I o 9/2) 6d 7s 2; 93 Np : [Rn] 5f 4 (5 I 4) 6d 7s 2; 103 Lr : [Rn] 5f 14 7s 2 7p 1 question-marked; 104 Rf : [Rn] 5f 14 6d 2 7s 2 question-marked
Energy levels for an electron in an atom: ground state and excited states. After absorbing energy, an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher-energy excited state. The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.
For any reaction that releases energy, the change ΔE in total energy has a negative value and the reaction is called an exothermic process. Electron capture for almost all non-noble gas atoms involves the release of energy [4] and thus is exothermic. The positive values that are listed in tables of E ea are amounts or magnitudes.
Note that these electron configurations are given for neutral atoms in the gas phase, which are not the same as the electron configurations for the same atoms in chemical environments. In many cases, multiple configurations are within a small range of energies and the small irregularities that arise in the d- and f-blocks are quite irrelevant ...
If the potential energy is set to zero at infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, the usual convention, then bound electron states have negative potential energy. If an atom, ion, or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level, it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is ...