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Electric cattle grids use electricity to deter animals from crossing the fence line. There are different designs. One uses high-tensile wire run across the roadway, about 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) off the ground, attached to a power source on one side. [17] The primary advantage is cost and ease of installation. [18]
The tradition of fencing out unwanted livestock prevails even today in some sparsely populated areas. For example, until the mid-20th century, most states in the American West were called "open range" ("fence out") states, in contrast to Eastern and Midwestern states which long had "fence in" laws where livestock must be confined by their owners.
In 2006 there were about 65,000 dairy farms in the United States, although most had fewer than 200 cows. [3] One "resource auditor" believes it is possible for dairy farms to reach an energy usage of as low as 200 kWhr per cow per year [4] although an analysis of California dairy farms found that 300 kWhr/year was the lowest actually attained.
In 1962, another New Zealand inventor, Doug Phillips, invented the non-shortable electric fence based on capacitor discharge. [16] [17] This significantly increased the range an electric fence could be used from a few hundred metres to 35 km (~20 miles), and reduced the cost of fencing by more than 80%. [18]
Overall, at least one PV module between posts is acceptable for most fences for $0.035/kWh for racking on existing fencing in the U.S.; although the yield for a vertical PV is only 76% facing south, the racking cost savings enable fence-retrofit agrivoltaics to often produce lower levelized cost electricity. [12] For fence PV, microinverters ...
Nofence is a Norwegian company that makes GPS collars for farm animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) that discourage them from crossing virtual fences. [1] [2] Oscar Hovde Berntsen has been working on the idea of virtual fencing, as an alternative to fixed electric fencing, since the 1990s. [3] Nofence was incorporated in 2011. [3]