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Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream that are alive and capable of reproducing. It is a type of bloodstream infection. [36] Bacteremia is defined as either a primary or secondary process. In primary bacteremia, bacteria have been directly introduced into the bloodstream. [37] Injection drug use may lead to primary bacteremia.
For bacteremia and endocarditis, vancomycin or daptomycin is considered. For children with MRSA-infected bone or joints, treatment is individualized and long-term. Neonates can develop neonatal pustulosis as a result of topical infection with MRSA. [4]
Doxycycline is added to most regimens in the treatment of pelvic infections to cover chlamydia and mycoplasma. Penicillin is effective for bacteremia caused by non-beta lactamase producing bacteria. However, other agents should be used for the therapy of bacteremia caused by beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
Other potential causes of similar signs and symptoms include anaphylaxis, adrenal insufficiency, low blood volume, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism. [2] Sepsis requires immediate treatment with intravenous fluids and antimicrobial medications. [1] [5] Ongoing care and stabilization often continues in an intensive care unit. [1]
The Centers for Disease Control now recommends that initial antibiotic treatment regimens for infections with this bacterium be extended to 2–6 weeks. [2] Conventional antibiotic regimens used to treat H. cinaedi bacteremia in immune-incompetent individuals is reported to have a mortality rate after 30 days of treatment of 6.3%. [6]
Some symptoms include blisters, tachycardia, swelling, and jaundice. [47] C. perfringens is most commonly known for foodborne illness but can translocate from a gastrointestinal source into the bloodstream which causes bacteremia. C. perfringens bacteremia can lead to toxin-mediated intravascular hemolysis and septic shock. [48]
Without antibiotic treatment, S. aureus bacteremia has a case fatality rate around 80%. [3] With antibiotic treatment, case fatality rates range from 15% to 50% depending on the age and health of the patient, as well as the antibiotic resistance of the S. aureus strain.
In infants and young children, H. influenzae type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, epiglottitis and acute bacterial meningitis. [51] On occasion, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis. It is one cause of neonatal infection. [52]