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  2. Hypertonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertonia

    Spastic hypertonia involves uncontrollable muscle spasms, stiffening or straightening out of muscles, shock-like contractions of all or part of a group of muscles, and abnormal muscle tone. It is seen in disorders such as cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Rigidity is a severe state of hypertonia where muscle resistance occurs ...

  3. Spasticity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity

    Spasticity can be differentiated from rigidity with the help of simple clinical examination, as rigidity is a uniform increase in the tone of agonist and antagonist muscles which is not related to the velocity at which the movement is performed passively and remains the same throughout the range of movement while spasticity is a velocity ...

  4. Modified Ashworth scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Ashworth_scale

    0: No increase in muscle tone; 1: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension; 1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than ...

  5. Muscle tone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone

    While spasticity is velocity-dependent resistance to passive stretch (e.g., passively moving an elbow quickly will elicit increased muscle tone, but passively moving elbow slowly may not elicit increased muscle tone), rigidity is velocity-independent resistance to passive stretch (i.e. there is uniform increased tone whether the elbow is ...

  6. Cerebral palsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

    Although most people with CP have problems with increased muscle tone, some have low muscle tone instead. High muscle tone can either be due to spasticity or dystonia. [20] Cerebral palsy is characterized by abnormal muscle tone, reflexes, or motor development and coordination. The neurological lesion is primary and permanent while orthopedic ...

  7. Clonus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonus

    Clonus results due to an increased motor neuron excitation (decreased action potential threshold) and is common in muscles with long conduction delays, such as the long reflex tracts found in distal muscle groups. [1] Clonus is commonly seen in the ankle but may exist in other distal structures as well. [2]

  8. Upper motor neuron lesion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_lesion

    Changes in muscle performance can be broadly described as the upper motor neuron syndrome. These changes vary depending on the site and the extent of the lesion, and may include: Muscle weakness. [2] known as 'pyramidal weakness' Sloth sign. Decreased control of active movement, particularly slowness; Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in ...

  9. Proprioception and motor control - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception_and_Motor...

    In individuals with spasticity, the leg comes to rest much more quickly due to increased reflexive muscle contraction. Computational models have shown that results from pendulum tests in children with spastic cerebral palsy are explained by increased muscle tone, short-range stiffness, and increased stretch reflex responses due to increased ...

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