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Science (Physics, Biology) — Yes — link: CIE 5126 Science (Chemistry, Biology) — Yes — link: CIE 5129 Combined Science: Yes Yes Yes Cannot be combined with syllabuses 0608, 0610, 0620, 0625, 0652, 0653 & 0654 , 5054, 5070, 5090, 5096 & 5131 (O Level) link: CIE 5130 Additional Combined Science: No Yes Yes last exam in 2007 link: CIE 5131 ...
The cosmic microwave background was first predicted in 1948 by Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, in a correction [16] they prepared for a paper by Alpher's PhD advisor George Gamow. [17] Alpher and Herman were able to estimate the temperature of the cosmic microwave background to be 5 K. [ 18 ]
In modern science, this distinction became important because some items, such as lasers, required the fastest decay times, which typically occur in the nanosecond (billionth of a second) range. In physics, this first mechanism was termed "fluorescence" or "singlet emission", and is common in many laser mediums such as ruby.
The specimen is illuminated with light of a specific wavelength (or wavelengths) which is absorbed by the fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths (i.e., of a different color than the absorbed light). The illumination light is separated from the much weaker emitted fluorescence through the use of a spectral emission filter.
The optics do not change the color of the specimen, making it easy to interpret what is observed. Bright-field microscopy is a standard light-microscopy technique, and therefore magnification is limited by the resolving power possible with the wavelength of visible light .
Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.
Triboluminescence is often a synonym for fractoluminescence (a term mainly used when referring only to light emitted from fractured crystals). Triboluminescence differs from piezoluminescence in that a piezoluminescent material emits light when deformed, as opposed to broken.
A microscope slide prepared in 1855 containing reference specimens from the inner mucosa of the small intestine of a cholera victim.. The origin of the concept was pieces of ivory or bone, containing specimens held between disks of transparent mica, that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. [1]