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In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR) 3, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. [1] They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid. Organophosphates are best known for their use as pesticides.
The compound was first registered in 1974 in the United States, together with a United States patent of organophosphates for use in corn fields to deter corn rootworms. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Between 1987 and 1996, an average of about 7.5 million pounds (about 3,400 tons) of the compound was used each year. [ 13 ]
Malathion is a pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito eradication. [5] In the US, it is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide.
Illustrative organophosphates and related compounds: phosphatidylcholine, triphenylphosphate, cyclophosphamide, parathion, and zinc dithiophosphate. Phosphoryl thioates are thermodynamically much stabler than thiophosphates, which can rearrange at high temperature or with a catalytic alkylant to the former: [7]: 73–76 SP(OR) 3 → OP(OR) 2 SR
Profenofos is an organophosphate insecticide. It is a liquid with a pale yellow to amber color and a garlic-like odor. [1] It was first registered in the United States in 1982. [3]: 1 As of 2015, it was not approved in the European Union. [4]
Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, commonly abbreviated as an DDVP [1]) is an organophosphate widely used as an insecticide to control household pests, in public health, and protecting stored products from insects. The compound has been commercially available since 1961.
Acephate is an organophosphate foliar and soil insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10–15 days at the recommended use rate. It is used primarily for control of aphids, including resistant species, in vegetables (e.g. potatoes, carrots, greenhouse tomatoes, and lettuce) and in horticulture (e.g. on roses and greenhouse ornamentals).
This is a list of Superfund sites in Indiana designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law. The CERCLA federal law of 1980 authorized the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to create a list of polluted locations requiring a long-term response to clean up hazardous material contaminations. [1]