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Freezing tolerance is rapidly enhanced during the first days of the cold acclimation process when temperature drops. Depending on the plant species, maximum freezing tolerance can be reached after only two weeks of exposure to low temperatures. [2]
Plants in temperate and polar regions adapt to winter and sub zero temperatures by relocating nutrients from leaves and shoots to storage organs. [1] Freezing temperatures induce dehydrative stress on plants, as water absorption in the root and water transport in the plant decreases. [ 2 ]
Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a "light frost" of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F) damages fewer types of plants than a "hard frost" below −2 °C (28 °F). [9] [10]
The more exposed an area is to the freezing air temperatures, the more quickly it will freeze. In the case of plants in containers this means they are less protected than in ground plants.”
Tender plants are those killed by freezing temperatures, while hardy plants survive freezing—at least down to certain temperatures, depending on the plant. "Half-hardy" is a term used sometimes in horticulture to describe bedding plants which are sown in heat in winter or early spring, and planted outside after all danger of frost has passed.
Despite temperatures dropping back down below freezing, most spring bulbs can tolerate a light freeze of lows in the 30s to upper 20s and do not need coverage, according to University of Wisconsin ...
Plants have evolved numerous strategies to deal with cold air, frozen soil, and in the coldest of conditions, lack of water through the winter.
A chilling unit in agriculture is a metric of a plant's exposure to chilling temperatures. Chilling temperatures extend from freezing point to, depending on the model, 7 °C (45 °F) or even 16 °C (60 °F). [3] Stone fruit trees and certain other plants of temperate climate develop next year's buds in the summer.