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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
Arabic Fatha U+064F ُ Arabic Damma U+0650 ِ Arabic Kasra U+0651 ّ Arabic Shadda U+0652 ْ Arabic Sukun marks absence of a vowel after the base consonant used in some Qurans to mark a long vowel as ignored can have a variety of shapes, including a circular one and a shape that looks like '06E1' → U+06E1 ۡArabic Small High ...
The Arabic script, also called the Perso-Arabic script [a] ... fatha damma kasra shadda sukun maddah madda ں ٹ ٺ ٻ پ ٿ ڃ nūn ghunna ttā’ ttāhā’
In Arabic this is called the fathatan, the dual fatha. Upper case “F” because the lower case is already used ٌ N Pronounced [un]. Lower case “n” is already used, and for consistency with “F” for nunated [an], upper case “N” is used. ٍ K Pronounced [in]. This is the kasratan, the nunated kasra.
The Arabic script should be deducible from its transliteration unambiguously and without necessarily understanding the meaning of the Arabic text. The reverse should also be possible when the Arabic script is fully diacritized or vowelled (i.e. muxakkal with kasrah, fatHat', Dammat', xaddat', tanwiin and other Harakaat.).
In Hausa, vowel [a] is shown as it would be in Arabic, with a fatha diacritic ' َ'. A long vowel [aː] is indicated by writing an alif succeeding the letter and diacritic 'ـَا'. [8] In Hausa Ajami orthography, there is no distinguishing between [o] and [u]. They are both shown with damma diacritic ' ُ'.
In Tausug, it is (ئِن). The Tausug Arabic script utilises the letter yā' with a hamza (ئ) to represent a short vowel. If a kasra (ئِ) is added, it becomes an 'i' sound. If a fatha (ئَ) is added, it becomes an 'a' sound. If a damma (ئُ) is added, it becomes a 'u' sound. An example of the Arabic alphabet in writing the Tausūg language:
When a shaddah is used on a consonant which also takes a fatḥah /a/, the fatḥah is written above the shaddah.If the consonant takes a kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.