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A taxis (from Ancient Greek τάξις (táxis) 'arrangement, order'; [1] pl.: taxes / ˈ t æ k s iː z /) [2] [3] [4] is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food. Taxes are innate behavioural responses.
"Fixed action pattern" is an ethological term describing an instinctive behavioral sequence that is highly stereotyped and species-characteristic. [1] Fixed action patterns are said to be produced by the innate releasing mechanism, a "hard-wired" neural network, in response to a sign/key stimulus or releaser.
[4] [3] They first noted this behavioural pattern when animals they had been training for years interrupted their learned behaviours to satisfy innate patterns of feeding behaviours. [3] This discovery debunked the once assumed ideas that animals are a "tabula rasa" prior to purposeful training and that all responses are equally conditionable ...
Instinct is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behaviour, containing innate (inborn) elements.The simplest example of an instinctive behaviour is a fixed action pattern (FAP), in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a corresponding clearly defined stimulus.
Tropisms can be regarded by ethologists as taxis (directional response) or kinesis (non-directional response). The Cholodny–Went model , proposed in 1927, is an early model describing tropism in emerging shoots of monocotyledons , including the tendencies for the stalk to grow towards light (phototropism) and the roots to grow downward ...
Chemotaxis (from chemo-+ taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. [1] Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.
Phototaxis can be advantageous for phototrophic bacteria as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis.Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite.
Drive reduction theory, developed by Clark Hull in 1943, is a major theory of motivation in the behaviorist learning theory tradition. [1] "Drive" is defined as motivation that arises due to a psychological or physiological need. [2] It works as an internal stimulus that motivates an individual to sate the drive. [3]