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While this relaxation may be voluntary, the overall process of rumination is still generally involuntary. Relaxation due to intra-abdominal pressure is another proposed explanation, which would make abdominal compression the primary mechanism. The third is an adaptation of the belch reflex, which is the most commonly described mechanism.
The mechanism of development of Cushing ulcers is thought to be due to direct stimulation of vagal nuclei as a result of increased intracranial pressure.Brain tumors, traumatic head injury, and other intracranial processes including infections, can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to overstimulation of the vagus nerve. [3]
Likewise, sepsis and trauma are examples of foreign insults, [2] and encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors are examples of insults to the brain. [3] Clinicians may use the term cerebrovascular insult (CVI) as a synonym for a stroke. [4] [5] Insults may be categorized as either genetic or environmental. [6]
A variety of sensations and associated symptoms can be attributed to abdominal aura: abdominal discomfort, including a feeling of bloating or rumbling; abdominal pain, which is often midline and cramping [5] a 'rising' sensation in the abdomen; nausea; vomiting; flatulence; hunger; malaise; lethargy; vegetative symptoms such as blushing and ...
Common underlying causes are severely elevated blood pressure, kidney failure, severe infections, certain medications, some autoimmune diseases, and pre-eclampsia. The diagnosis is usually made by a brain scan ( MRI ), in which areas of swelling can be identified.
An increase in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema, can crush brain tissue, shift brain structures, contribute to hydrocephalus, cause brain herniation, and restrict blood supply to the brain. [13] It is a cause of reflex bradycardia. [14]
The breakdown of the tight endothelial junctions that make up the blood–brain barrier causes extravasation of fluid, ions, and plasma proteins, such as albumin, into the brain parenchyma. [18] Accumulation of extracellular fluid increases brain volume and then intracranial pressure causing the symptoms of cerebral edema. [1]
Carotid sinus syncope is due to pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck. [2] The underlying mechanism involves the nervous system slowing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels, resulting in low blood pressure and thus not enough blood flow to the brain. [2] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other possible causes. [3]