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Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine , forming kidney stones.
Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point. [14] [15] In 2015, they caused about 16,000 deaths worldwide. [16] Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
Calcium phosphate stones account for approximately 15% of kidney stone disease. Calcium phosphate stones tend to grow in alkaline urine, especially when Proteus bacteria are present. It is the most common type in pregnant women. [6]
Many stone types can be detected by ultrasound; Factors contributing to stone formation (as in #Etiology) are often tested: Laboratory testing can give levels of relevant substances in blood or urine; Some stones can be directly recovered (at surgery, or when they leave the body spontaneously) and sent to a laboratory for analysis of content
Since the wider use of these products several persons developed acute kidney disease induced by the crystallisation of calcium oxalate in their kidneys. [29] Toxicity studies on mice have further demonstrated that the transcutaneous absorption of glyoxylic acid after topical application causes the excretion of oxalate in the urine at a much ...
Kidney stones can result from an underlying metabolic condition, such as distal renal tubular acidosis, [21] Dent's disease, [22] hyperparathyroidism, [23] primary hyperoxaluria, [24] or medullary sponge kidney. 3–20% of people who form kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney. [25] [26]