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  2. Valence bond theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bond_theory

    Additionally, valence bond theory cannot explain electronic transitions and spectroscopic properties as effectively as MO theory. Furthermore, while VBT employs hybridization to explain bonding, it can oversimplify complex bonding situations, limiting its applicability in more intricate molecular geometries such as transition metal compounds. [11]

  3. Modern valence bond theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_valence_bond_theory

    In the specific case of H 2, λ ≈ 0.75, and μ ≈ 0.25. The orbitals that were used as the basis (a and b) do not necessarily have to be localized on the atoms involved in bonding. Orbitals that are partially delocalized onto the other atom involved in bonding can also be used, as in the Coulson-Fischer theory .

  4. Molecular orbital theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory

    In this molecule, 24 of the 30 total valence bonding electrons – 24 coming from carbon atoms and 6 coming from hydrogen atoms – are located in 12 σ (sigma) bonding orbitals, which are located mostly between pairs of atoms (C–C or C–H), similarly to the electrons in the valence bond description.

  5. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    Molecular geometry [12] ... [25] Some AX 6 E 1 and AX 8 E 1 molecules. Xenon hexafluoride, ... This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, ...

  6. Crystal field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_field_theory

    In molecular physics, crystal field theory (CFT) describes the breaking of degeneracies of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors).

  7. Unified field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_field_theory

    In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single type of field. According to modern discoveries in physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects but instead are described and interpreted by intermediary ...

  8. Dirac–von Neumann axioms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac–von_Neumann_axioms

    If the C*-algebra is the algebra of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space , then the bounded observables are just the bounded self-adjoint operators on .If is a unit vector of then = , is a state on the C*-algebra, meaning the unit vectors (up to scalar multiplication) give the states of the system.

  9. Bohr–Sommerfeld model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Sommerfeld_model

    Orbitals of the Radium. (End plates to [1]) 5 electrons with the same principal and auxiliary quantum numbers, orbiting in sync. ([2] page 364) The Sommerfeld extensions of the 1913 solar system Bohr model of the hydrogen atom showing the addition of elliptical orbits to explain spectral fine structure.