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For example, epigenetic modifications to the gene BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), as well as Drosophila ATF-2 (dATF-2), as a result of stress can be passed on to offspring. Chronic variable stress induces offspring hypothalamic gene expression modifications, including elevated methylation levels of the BDNF promoter in the hippocampus ...
Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2 make up the primary somatosensory cortex of the human brain (or S1). [2] Because Brodmann sliced the brain somewhat obliquely, he encountered area 1 first; however, from anterior to posterior , the Brodmann designations are 3, 1, and 2, respectively.
Schematic overview of the classes of stresses in plants Neurohormonal response to stress. Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. [1] When stressed by stimuli that alter an organism's environment, multiple systems respond across the body. [2]
The locus coeruleus is the major source of noradrenergic innervation in the brain and sends widespread connections to rostral (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus) and caudal (cerebellum, brainstem nuclei) brain areas [23] and. [24] Indeed, an alteration of this structure could contribute to several symptoms observed in MECP2-deficient mice.
Inhibitory control, also known as response inhibition, is a cognitive process – and, more specifically, an executive function – that permits an individual to inhibit their impulses and natural, habitual, or dominant behavioral responses to stimuli (a.k.a. prepotent responses) in order to select a more appropriate behavior that is consistent with completing their goals.
S2 is colored green and the insular cortex brown in the top right image (coronal section) of the human brain. S1 is green in the top left, and the supplementary somatosensory area is green in the bottom left. The human secondary somatosensory cortex (S2, SII) is a region of sensory cortex in the parietal operculum on the ceiling of the lateral ...
These stress hormones are also hindering the hippocampus from receiving enough energy by diverting glucose levels to surrounding muscles. [2] Stress affects many memory functions and cognitive functioning of the brain. [10] There are different levels of stress and the high levels can be intrinsic or extrinsic.
A hypothesized gene–environment interaction between the short/short allele of the 5-HTTLPR and life stress as predictor for major depression has suffered a similar fate: after an influential [34] initial report in 2003 [35] there were mixed results in replication in 2008, [36] and a 2009 meta-analysis was negative. [37] See 5-HTTLPR for more ...