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Carbon (6 C) has 14 known isotopes, from 8 C to 20 C as well as 22 C, of which 12 C and 13 C are stable.The longest-lived radioisotope is 14 C, with a half-life of 5.70(3) × 10 3 years. . This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature, as trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reactio
Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements (1.8–1.9), but close to most of the nearby nonmetals, as well as some of the second- and third-row transition ...
At standard pressure, carbon, the lightest carbon group element, sublimes at 3825 °C. Silicon's boiling point is 3265 °C, germanium's is 2833 °C, tin's is 2602 °C, and lead's is 1749 °C. Flerovium is predicted to boil at −60 °C. [11] [12] The melting points of the carbon group elements have roughly the same trend as their boiling points ...
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Archaeological materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis. Carbon, nitrogen and zinc isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about population movements and cultural interactions, such as trade.
This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, not pure elements in their standard state or allotropes. Noble gas +1 Bold values are main oxidation states
Mass spectral interpretation is the method employed to identify the chemical formula, characteristic fragment patterns and possible fragment ions from the mass spectra. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Mass spectra is a plot of relative abundance against mass-to-charge ratio.
The range for one-bond 1 J(13 C, 13 C) is 50–130 Hz. Two-bond 2 J(13 C, 13 C) are near 10 Hz. The trends in J(1 H, 13 C) and J(13 C, 13 C) are similar, except that J(1 H, 13 C are smaller owing to the modest value of the 13 C nuclear magnetic moment. Values for 1 J(1 H, 13 C) range from 125 to 250 Hz. Values for 2 J(1 H, 13 C) are near 5 Hz ...