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Generally, a creditor who has obtained a monetary judgment (a ruling from a court under which another party is required to pay money to the creditor) may enforce this judgment through the seizure and forced sale of the debtor's property, through the seizure of money held in the debtor's bank accounts, and through garnishment of the debtor's wages.
The legal order itself is in the form of an injunction, which in Commonwealth jurisdictions is also known as a freezing order, Mareva injunction, Mareva order or Mareva regime, after the 1975 case Mareva Compania Naviera SA v International Bulkcarriers SA, [2] although the first recorded instance of such an order in English jurisprudence was Nippon Yusen Kaisha v Karageorgis, [3] decided one ...
Restitution is available in equity to recover money previously paid to satisfy a court judgment that is later reversed, as the Supreme Court held in Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Florida, 295 U.S. 301 (1935). However, the Court therefore noted that equitable defenses are available where it would not be fair to require the money to be returned.
Impoundment is, more generally, the act of detaining something such as animals or personal property due to a legal dispute. In roughly this sense, the President detains funds in the treasury rather than spending them as appropriated.
This is referred to as "common law recoupment". By statute, Virginia has established that such defenses can be raised in response to a contractual damages claim, and that the defendant may even recover damages in excess of the plaintiff's claim. Under the statute, however, the court lacks the power to order reform or rescission of the contract.
Department of Veterans Affairs is appealing a judge's order to build more than 2,500 housing units and that invalidated land leases to UCLA and a private school.
A foreign corporation which has not registered to do business in Virginia may still be sued in Virginia courts if it does extensive business in the state. Service on a general partnership may be effected on any general partner, which Virginia law holds to be sufficient to give notice to both the partnership as an entity, and to all named partners.
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