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An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...
The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware ... is the Sumerian abacus, ... the most powerful computer systems on Earth are used ...
The history of computer science began long ... was the abacus, ... create a network between 2 computers although the system crashed during the initial attempt to ...
A Brief History of Computing, by Stephen White. An excellent computer history site; the present article is a modified version of his timeline, used with permission. The Evolution of the Modern Computer (1934 to 1950): An Open Source Graphical History, article from Virtual Travelog
The history of computing hardware spans the developments from early devices used for simple calculations to today's complex computers, encompassing advancements in both analog and digital technology. The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic ...
Computer Systems Development: History Organization and Implementation. Wiley. ... The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. Wiley.
A logical machine or logical abacus is a tool containing a set of parts that uses energy to perform formal logic operations through the use of truth tables. Early logical machines were mechanical devices that performed basic operations in Boolean logic .
But it is actually an abacus, since it requires the operator to handle the machine differently when a carry transfer takes place. [45] Pascal's calculator was the most successful mechanical calculator developed in the 17th century for the addition and subtraction of large numbers.