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Runway Holding Position Markings These show where an aircraft should stop when approaching a runway from a taxiway. They consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed, spaced six or twelve inches (15 or 30 cm) apart, and extending across the width of the taxiway or runway. The solid lines are always on the side where the aircraft is to ...
Taxiway centerline lead-off lights – installed along lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights embedded into the runway pavement. It starts with green light at about the runway centerline to the position of first centerline light beyond the Hold-Short markings on the taxiway.
According to ICAO, airport diagrams shall show coordinates, field elevations, runways, aprons, taxiways, hot spots, taxiway routes, air transit routes, lighting, air traffic control (ATC) service boundary, communication channels, obstacles, slope angles, buildings and service areas, VOR checkpoints, and movement area permanently unsuitable for aircraft.
A portion of the runway behind a displaced threshold has three markings: [1] White arrows along the center line of the runway; White arrow heads across the width of the runway just prior to the displaced threshold bar; A 10 feet (3.0 m) wide white threshold bar across the width of the runway at the displaced threshold
Intersecting Taxiway: before the intersection with a taxiway that will have other aircraft taxiing for takeoff or parking. Point on Runway: before a designated point. This is the newest type, used when safety precautions are needed due to hazards concerning other runways or taxiways, or hazards for a landing plane on its runway (ice, for instance).
Runway confusion is when a single aircraft uses the wrong runway, or a taxiway, for takeoff or landing. [7] Runway confusions are considered a subset of runway incursions. Three major factors that increase the risk of runway confusion include airport complexity, close proximity of runway thresholds, and joint use of a runway as a taxiway.
Runway Entrance Lights (REL): Red unidirectional lights along taxiway centerlines entering a runway. Takeoff Hold Lights (THL): Red unidirectional lights in a double-longitudinal row, located parallel to runway centerline lighting. Runway Intersection Lights (RIL): Similar to THLs, but located on a runway, prior to intersection with another runway.
Runway end identifier lights (REIL [1]) (ICAO identifies these as Runway Threshold Identification Lights) are installed at many airports to provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a particular runway. The system consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold.