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The Li‑ion can be discharged to 3 V and lower; however, with a discharge to 3.3 V (at room temperature), about 92–98% of the capacity is used. [2] Importantly, particularly in the case of lithium-ion batteries, which are used in the vast majority of portable electronics today, a voltage cut-off below 3.2 V can lead to chemical instability ...
A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
Depth of discharge (DoD) is an important parameter appearing in the context of rechargeable battery operation. Two non-identical definitions can be found in commercial and scientific sources. The depth of discharge is defined as: the maximum fraction of a battery's capacity (given in Ah) which is removed from the charged battery on a regular basis.
See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode ... Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery: 500–1,500 [14] Lithium cobalt oxide: 90
In lithium-ion types, especially on deep discharge, some reactive lithium metal can be formed on charging, which is no longer available to participate in the next discharge cycle. Sealed batteries may lose moisture from their liquid electrolyte, especially if overcharged or operated at high temperature.
They then evaluated 92 commercial lithium-ion batteries for more than two years across these profiles. The more realistic the profiles, the higher the EV life expectancy rose, according to the study.