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2. Limescale - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale

   The type found deposited on the heating elements of water heaters consists mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). Hard water contains calcium (and often magnesium ) bicarbonate or similar ions. Calcium, magnesium, and carbonate ions dissolve from rocks through which rainwater percolates before collection.

3. Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

   A bathtub faucet with built-up calcification from hard water in Southern Arizona. Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, [1] which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.

4. Descaling agent - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descaling_agent

   Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.

5. How to remove hard water deposits from your faucets and shower

   www.aol.com/remove-hard-water-deposits-faucets...

   Hard water refers to water that contains a high amount of minerals. Water picks up impurities very easily as it moves through the rock and soil. Calcium and magnesium are the main culprits when it ...

6. Fouling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling

   Fouling phenomena are common and diverse, ranging from fouling of ship hulls, natural surfaces in the marine environment (marine fouling), fouling of heat-transfer components through ingredients contained in cooling water or gases, and even the development of plaque or calculus on teeth or deposits on solar panels on Mars, among other examples.

7. Hydrothermal mineral deposit - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_mineral_deposit

   Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable minerals which formed from hot waters circulating in Earth's crust through fractures. They eventually produce metallic-rich fluids concentrated in a selected volume of rock, which become supersaturated and then precipitate ore minerals. In some occurrences, minerals can be extracted ...