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A bullshit job or pseudowork [1] is meaningless or unnecessary wage labour which the worker is obliged to pretend to have a purpose. [2] The concept was coined by anthropologist David Graeber in a 2013 essay in Strike Magazine, On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs, and elaborated upon in his 2018 book Bullshit Jobs.
The author interviewed on the premise of the book, June 2018. The productivity benefits of automation have not led to a 15-hour workweek, as predicted by economist John Maynard Keynes in 1930, but instead to "bullshit jobs": "a form of paid employment that is so completely pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence even though, as part of the ...
A cordwainer making shoes, Capri, Italy. Work can take many different forms, as varied as the environments, tools, skills, goals, and institutions around a worker. This term refers to the general activity of performing tasks, whether they are paid or unpaid, formal or informal.
Examples of workers who may be considered underemployed include those who hold a part-time job but wish to work more hours, part-time workers who wish to work full-time, [3] and overqualified workers who have education, experience, or skills beyond their role's requirements. [4] [5]
Jargon, also referred to as "technical language", is "the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group". [8] Most jargon is technical terminology (technical terms), involving terms of art [9] or industry terms, with particular meaning within a specific industry.
For homeowners, a professional organizer might plan and reorganize the space of a room, improve paper management, consult on organizing skills (space, data, objects) or productivity skills (time, information, priorities) such as calendaring or task management, goal-setting, or coach in time-management, or goal-setting.
Busy work (also known as make-work and busywork) is an activity that is undertaken to pass time and stay busy but in and of itself has little or no actual value. Busy work occurs in business, military and other settings, in situations where people may be required to be present but may lack the opportunities, skills or need to do something more ...
These strategies can be understood as being substitutes for leadership. Instead of requiring that a supervisor monitor a subordinate's progress on a work task, a subordinate can self-manage by utilizing one of the strategies listed above. This makes the supervisor's guidance unnecessary for the subordinate.