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For example, instead of writing a program to create a window and draw a button, a user with a GUI tool can use drag-and-drop and other mouse operations to place components on a workspace. Code that is automatically generated by a GUI tool is not usually taken into consideration when using LOC methods of measurement.
Halstead complexity measures are software metrics introduced by Maurice Howard Halstead in 1977 [1] as part of his treatise on establishing an empirical science of software development. Halstead made the observation that metrics of the software should reflect the implementation or expression of algorithms in different languages, but be ...
For example, the driver 'economy of scale' leads to different costs per unit for different scales of operation (a small cargo vessel is more expensive per unit than a large bulk carrier), and the driver 'capacity utilisation' leads to greater costs per unit if the capacity is under-utilised and lower costs per unit is the utilisation is high.
COCOMO consists of a hierarchy of three increasingly detailed and accurate forms. The first level, Basic COCOMO is good for quick, early, rough order of magnitude estimates of software costs, but its accuracy is limited due to its lack of factors to account for difference in project attributes (Cost Drivers).
The cost driver is a factor that creates or drives the cost of the activity. For example, the cost of the activity of bank tellers can be ascribed to each product by measuring how long each product's transactions (cost driver) take at the counter and then by measuring the number of each type of transaction.
In order to conduct the cost breakdown analysis, the starting point is to examine the various cost drivers of the service or product that is being analyzed. When itemizing the costs of transportation, one can come up with a simplified list of six cost drivers, namely: Personnel (e.g. driver) Motor fuel (diesel / gasoline) Tires; Maintenance; Tolls
In this example, two test cases are sufficient to achieve a complete branch coverage, while four are necessary for complete path coverage. The cyclomatic complexity of the program is 3 (as the strongly connected graph for the program contains 9 edges, 7 nodes, and 1 connected component) (9 − 7 + 1).
For example, the arithmetic complexity of the computation of the determinant of a n×n integer matrix is () for the usual algorithms (Gaussian elimination). The bit complexity of the same algorithms is exponential in n, because the size of the coefficients may grow exponentially during the computation.