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Neurons are the excitable cells of the brain that function by communicating with other neurons and interneurons (via synapses), in neural circuits and larger brain networks. The two main neuronal classes in the cerebral cortex are excitatory projection neurons (around 70-80%) and inhibitory interneurons (around 20–30%). [2]
It is also known as a projection neuron. They include the neurons forming peripheral nerves and long tracts of brain and spinal cord. [11] with somata usually ranging from 20 to 40μm. [27] Golgi II neurons, in contrast, are defined as having short axons or no axon at all.
Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. [4] Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. [5] Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions ...
Projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.In human neuroanatomy, bundles of axons (nerve fibers) called nerve tracts, within the brain, can be categorized by their function into association tracts, projection tracts, and commissural tracts.
Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are functionally connected together, they form what is called a neural circuit. A neuron contains all the structures of other cells such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies but has additional unique structures such as ...
Each of these interneuron class can be further divided into diverse subpopulations of neurons with distinct neurotransmitter phenotype, axonal projection and function during locomotion. [38] For example, V2 interneurons are ipsilaterally projecting that can be further classified as excitatory V2a and inhibitory V2b.
A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons. These processes are projections from the neuron cell body. Multipolar neurons constitute the majority of neurons in the central nervous system.
Pyramidal neurons are also one of two cell types where the characteristic sign, Negri bodies, are found in post-mortem rabies infection. [2] Pyramidal neurons were first discovered and studied by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. [3] [4] Since then, studies on pyramidal neurons have focused on topics ranging from neuroplasticity to cognition.