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Gemstone refractometers are available both as classic optical instruments and as electronic measurement devices with a digital display. [3] In marine aquarium keeping, a refractometer is used to measure the salinity and specific gravity of the water. In the automobile industry, a refractometer is used to measure the coolant concentration.
Although refractometers are best known for measuring liquids, they are also used to measure gases and solids, such as glass and gemstones. The RI of a substance is strongly influenced by temperature and the wavelength of light used to measure it; therefore, care must be taken to control or compensate for temperature differences and wavelength.
In the pulp and paper industry, inline process refractometers are used in the energy recovery from black liquor recovery boilers by accurately measuring solids in the black liquor. [4] In the food and beverage industry, inline process refractometers are used to measure dissolved solids, most often as sugar content, measured in degrees Brix.
Multi-wavelength Abbe refractometers can be used to easily determine a sample's Abbe number. The most advanced instruments of today use solid-state Peltier effect devices to heat and cool the instrument and the sample, eliminating the need for an external water bath. The software on most of current instruments offers features such as ...
Brix is used in the food industry for measuring the approximate amount of sugars in fruits, vegetables, juices, wine, soft drinks and in the starch and sugar manufacturing industry. Different countries use the scales in different industries: In brewing, the UK uses specific gravity X 1000; Europe uses Plato degrees ; and the US use a mix of ...
This is commonly achieved using a measurement of refractive index (refractometer) or the angle of rotation of polarization of optically active sugars (polarimeter). Saccharimeters are used in food processing industries, brewing, and the distilled alcoholic drinks industry.
Digital handheld refractometers are generally more precise than traditional handheld refractometers, but less precise than most benchtop refractometers. They also may require a slightly larger amount of sample to read from since the sample is not spread thinly against the prism.
Handheld variants are used in agriculture by, e.g., wine makers to determine sugar content in grape juice, and inline process refractometers are used in, e.g., chemical and pharmaceutical industry for process control. In gemology, a different type of refractometer is used to measure the index of refraction and birefringence of gemstones. The ...