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  2. Isolated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system

    The concept of an isolated system can serve as a useful model approximating many real-world situations. It is an acceptable idealization used in constructing mathematical models of certain natural phenomena ; e.g., the planets in the Solar System , and the proton and electron in a hydrogen atom are often treated as isolated systems.

  3. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    Rigid boundary – not allowing exchange of work: A mechanically isolated system; One example is fluid being compressed by a piston in a cylinder. Another example of a closed system is a bomb calorimeter, a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Electrical energy travels across the ...

  4. Closed system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

    In nonrelativistic classical mechanics, a closed system is a physical system that does not exchange any matter with its surroundings, and is not subject to any net force whose source is external to the system. [1] [2] A closed system in classical mechanics would be equivalent to an isolated system in thermodynamics. Closed systems are often ...

  5. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    You must not speak of one isolated system but at least of two, which you may for the moment consider isolated from the rest of the world, but not always from each other." [99] The two systems are isolated from each other by the wall, until it is removed by the thermodynamic operation, as envisaged by the law. The thermodynamic operation is ...

  6. Physical system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_system

    The split between system and environment is the analyst's choice, generally made to simplify the analysis. For example, the water in a lake, the water in half of a lake, or an individual molecule of water in the lake can each be considered a physical system. An isolated system is one that has

  7. Glossary of physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_physics

    A branch of physics that studies atoms as isolated systems of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Compare nuclear physics. atomic structure atomic weight (A) The sum total of protons (or electrons) and neutrons within an atom. audio frequency A periodic vibration whose frequency is in the band audible to the average human, the human hearing range.

  8. Microcanonical ensemble - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcanonical_ensemble

    Early work in statistical mechanics by Ludwig Boltzmann led to his eponymous entropy equation for a system of a given total energy, S = k log W, where W is the number of distinct states accessible by the system at that energy. Boltzmann did not elaborate too deeply on what exactly constitutes the set of distinct states of a system, besides the ...

  9. Mechanically isolated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_isolated_system

    For a simple system, mechanical isolation is equivalent to a state of constant volume and any process which occurs in such a simple system is said to be isochoric. [1] The opposite of a mechanically isolated system is a mechanically open system, [citation needed] which allows the transfer of mechanical energy. For a simple system, a ...

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