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Effect of a pressure surge on a float gauge. Hydraulic shock (colloquial: water hammer; fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly: a momentum change. It is usually observed in a liquid but gases can also be affected.
Surge control products have been used in many industries to protect the maximum working pressure of hydraulic system for decades. Typical applications for surge relief equipment is in pipelines at pump stations, receiving manifolds at storage facilities, back pressure control, marine loading/off loading, site specific applications where pressure surges are generated by the automation system ...
The water is heated and then routed into a reduced-pressure flash evaporation "stage" where some of the water flashes into steam. This steam is subsequently condensed into salt-free water. The residual salty liquid from that first stage is introduced into a second flash evaporation stage at a pressure lower than the first stage pressure.
This adverse pressure gradient naturally decelerates flows in the whole system and reduces the mass flow rate. The slope of a constant speed line near surge line is usually zero or even positive, which implies that the compressor cannot provide a much higher pressure as lowering the mass flow rate.
The former makes the IP compressor surge line shallower, swinging it away from the shallow working line, thus improving IP compressor surge margin. At a given IP compressor pressure ratio, opening the blow-off valve forces the IP compressor entry corrected flow to increase, to a point where the IP compressor surge margin tends to be better.
The pressure fluctuations are observed at low discharges and at flow rates(as indicated by the point "S" ) the pressure deceases. The pressure variations to the left of the point "S" causes for unsteady flow which are due to the two effects of Stalling and surging.
It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume. [ 1 ] Other moduli describe the material's response ( strain ) to other kinds of stress : the shear modulus describes the response to shear stress , and Young's modulus describes the response to normal (lengthwise stretching) stress.
First, a static pressure gauge is attached to the test hydrant and the static water pressure is measured at the test hydrant. Second, the flow hydrant opened to allow water to flow in a fully open condition. Simultaneously the pitot tube pressure is recorded from the flow hydrant while the residual pressure is measured from the test hydrant.