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Bullying is a form of harassment that is often repeated and habitual, and can happen in person or online. [61] Bullying in childhood may inflict harm or distress and educational harm that can affect the later stage of adolescence. [62] Bullying involvement, as victim, bully, bully/victim, or witness, can threaten the well-being of children.
Bullying is the most prevalent form of violence in schools and has lasting consequences into adulthood. [5] Increased concern regarding school bullying has been raised in part due to publicized suicides of childhood victims. [6]
Child neglect, often overlooked, is the most common form of child maltreatment. [1] Most perpetrators of child abuse and neglect are the parents themselves. A total of 79.4% of the perpetrators of abused and neglected children are the parents of the victims, and of those 79.4% parents, 61% exclusively neglect their children. [2]
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and household dysfunction during childhood. The categories are verbal abuse, physical abuse, contact sexual abuse, a battered mother/father, household substance abuse, household mental illness, incarcerated household members, and parental separation or divorce.
Some negative effects persist into adulthood. In a longitudinal study, Dan Olweus (2003) [ 43 ] found that young adults, who were victims of bullying in adolescence, had more symptoms of depression and lower self-esteem than did their non-victimized peers.
Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that includes theft, lies, physical violence that may lead to destruction, and reckless breaking of rules, [2] in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated.
Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties. [ 56 ] [ 75 ] A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders , anxiety , body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects. [ 76 ]
Children's perinatal risk, temperament, intelligence, nutrition level, and interaction with parents or caregivers can influence their behaviours. As for parents or caregivers, their personality traits, behaviours, socioeconomic status, social network, and living environment can also affect children's development of anti-social behaviour. [20]