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A mast radiator or mast antenna is a radio tower or mast in which the whole structure is an antenna. Mast antennas are the transmitting antennas typical for long or medium wave broadcasting. Structurally, the only difference is that some mast radiators require the mast base to be insulated from the ground.
A quad antenna is a self-resonant loop in a square shape; this one also includes a parasitic element.. Loop antennas may be in the shape of a circle, a square, or any other closed geometric shape that allows the total perimeter to be slightly more than one wavelength.
In antenna terms, each of the conductors making up the antenna is known as an element. [9] To calculate the net result, NEC breaks the antenna's elements into a number of sampled points, called segments. It uses simple calculations based on the diameter of the conductor and the wavelength of the signal to determine the induced voltage and ...
In 1938, George Brown et al. patented a loop antenna with rhombic shape and quarterwave sides. [2] In 1951 Clarence C. Moore, W9LZX, a Christian missionary and engineer at HCJB (a shortwave missionary radio station high in the Andean Mountains) developed and patented [3] a two-turn loop antenna which he called a "quad".
The log-periodic is commonly used as a transmitting antenna in high power shortwave broadcasting [15] stations because its broad bandwidth allows a single antenna to transmit on frequencies in multiple bands. The log-periodic zig-zag design with up to 16 sections has been used.
The commercially available B&W AC3-30 and B&W DS1.8-30 antennas [6] vary from the above to cover 3–30 MHz using a 90 foot length with an 18 inch spacing of the wires. The balun is a 16:1 ratio, thereby transforming the 50 Ω (ohm) coax to an 800 Ω feed at the antenna. The resistor load is also 800 Ω, non-inductive.
The five-eighth wave monopole – length 0.625 λ, or 5 / 8 of a wavelength – is also popular, since at that length monopoles direct the greatest proportion of their radiated power horizontally, hence the best use of transmit power for long-distance communication.
Antenna directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the maximum direction divided by the intensity radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna radiating the same total power as that antenna. For example, a hypothetical antenna which had a radiated pattern of a hemisphere (1/2 ...