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Azolla is a highly productive plant. It can double its biomass in as little as 1.9 days, [13] depending on growing conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009). [14]
Azolla filiculoides (water fern) is a species of aquatic fern. It is native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas , and has been introduced to Europe , North and sub-Saharan Africa , China , Japan , New Zealand , Australia , the Caribbean and Hawaii .
Azolla cristata , the Carolina mosquitofern, [3] Carolina azolla or water velvet, is a species of Azolla native to the Americas, in eastern North America from southern Ontario southward, and from the east coast west to Wisconsin and Texas, and in the Caribbean, and in Central and South America from southeastern Mexico south to northern Argentina and Uruguay.
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Azolla nilotica is a floating water-bound fern of up to 32 cm (13 in) long, with a long, horizontal, branched, hairy rhizome of up to 2 mm (0.079 in) thick. Side branches are alternately set.
Azolla mexicana is a floating aquatic with blue-green to dark red leaves. It is distinguished from the two other species of the genus present in North America, Azolla caroliniana and Azolla filiculoides, by having multicellular hairs on the leaves and pits on the megaspores.
The fern Azolla forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 ...
Free-living cyanobacteria are present in the water of rice paddies, and cyanobacteria can be found growing as epiphytes on the surfaces of the green alga, Chara, where they may fix nitrogen. [65] Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (a symbiont of the aquatic fern Azolla) can provide rice plantations with biofertilizer. [66]