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A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as a column of soil, a drainage basin, an irrigation area or a city. The water balance is also referred to as a water budget. Developing water budgets is a fundamental activity in the science of hydrology. According to the US Geological Survey: [4]
Irrigation scheduling is the process used by irrigation system managers to determine the correct frequency and duration of watering. The following factors may be taken into consideration: Precipitation rate of the irrigation equipment – how quickly the water is applied, often expressed in inches or mm per hour.
The Penman-Monteith equation approximates net evapotranspiration (ET) from meteorological data as a replacement for direct measurement of evapotranspiration. The equation is widely used, and was derived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization for modeling reference evapotranspiration ET 0 .
The irrigation requirement depends on the rooting depth of the crops, which determines their capacity to make use of the water stored in the soil after winter. Having a shallow rooting system, pastures need irrigation to an amount of about half of the storage depletion in summer.
The Blaney–Criddle equation is a relatively simplistic method for calculating evapotranspiration.When sufficient meteorological data is available the Penman–Monteith equation is usually preferred.
The old Sardar canal project in the state of Gujarat, India, was designed with an irrigation intensity of 32%, but at the upstream part the delivery was at an intensity of 42% (i.e. 131% of the design norm) and at the downstream end it was only 19% (i.e. 59% of the norm), although the project aimed at protective irrigation with equal rights for ...
Distribution uniformity or DU in irrigation is a measure of how uniformly water is applied to the area being watered, normally expressed as percentage, and not to be confused with efficiency. [1] The distribution uniformity is often calculated when performing an irrigation audit. The DU should not be confused with the coefficient of uniformity ...
Dr. Parshall's initial focus was on the use of his namesake flume to measure flows in irrigation channels and other surface waters. Over time, however, the Parshall flume has proven to be applicable to a wide variety of open channel flows including: Irrigation channels and ditches; Furrows; Surface waters (swales, creeks, streams, and rivers)