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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the Nabataean alphabet [8] [9] or ... fatha damma kasra shadda sukun maddah madda ں ٹ ٺ ٻ پ ٿ ڃ nūn ghunna
Arabic Fatha U+064F ُ Arabic Damma U+0650 ِ Arabic Kasra U+0651 ّ Arabic Shadda U+0652 ْ Arabic Sukun marks absence of a vowel after the base consonant used in some Qurans to mark a long vowel as ignored can have a variety of shapes, including a circular one and a shape that looks like '06E1' → U+06E1 ۡArabic Small High ...
The Arabic alphabet, [a] or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, [b] of which most have contextual letterforms. Unlike the modern Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of letter case.
In Arabic this is called the fathatan, the dual fatha. Upper case “F” because the lower case is already used ٌ N Pronounced [un]. Lower case “n” is already used, and for consistency with “F” for nunated [an], upper case “N” is used. ٍ K Pronounced [in]. This is the kasratan, the nunated kasra.
Native Arabic long vowels: ā ī ū; Long vowels in borrowed words: ē ō; Short vowels: fatḥa is represented as a, kasra as i and ḍamma as u. (see short vowel marks) Wāw and yāʼ are represented as u and i after fatḥa: ʻain "eye", yaum "day". Non-standard Arabic consonants: p (پ), ž (ژ), g (گ) Alif maqṣūra (ى): ā
Unicode collation charts—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape; Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic; Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative; Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup", Lang Resources & Evaluation, Vol. 53, pp. 1–65.
When a shaddah is used on a consonant which also takes a fatḥah /a/, the fatḥah is written above the shaddah.If the consonant takes a kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.