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Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). [4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides , medications, and nerve agents . [ 4 ] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea , vomiting, small pupils , sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. [ 2 ]
[1] [2] The use of the device is only to be administered in the extreme case of organophosphate poisoning. The delivery system is designed for use by military personnel only, and is only issued to DOD personnel that are considered to be in immediate danger of a chemical attack or work in a position (such as ordnance disposal) where there is a ...
Common mnemonics for the symptomatology of organophosphate poisoning, including sarin, are the "killer Bs" of bronchorrhea and bronchospasm because they are the leading cause of death, [8] and SLUDGE – salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, and emesis (vomiting). Death may follow in one to ten minutes after ...
Atropine is often used in conjunction with the oxime pralidoxime chloride. Some of the nerve agents attack and destroy acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylation, so the action of acetylcholine becomes excessive and prolonged. Pralidoxime (2-PAM) can be effective against organophosphate poisoning because it can re-cleave this phosphorylation.
Atropine is the standard anticholinergic drug used to manage the symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. [14] It acts as an antagonist to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, blocking the effects of excess acetylcholine. [13]
When given with Atropine: Organophosphate insecticides, nerve agents, some poison mushrooms: Protamine sulfate: Heparin poisoning Prussian blue: Thallium poisoning: Physostigmine sulfate Anticholinergic poisoning Pyridoxine: Isoniazid poisoning, ethylene glycol, accidental hydrazine exposure (E.G from Gyromitra mushrooms)
Poisoning is treated with atropine and simultaneously with oximes such as pralidoxime. [38] Atropine blocks acetylcholine from binding with muscarinic receptors, which reduces the pesticide's impact. However, atropine does not affect acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors and thus is a partial treatment.
The disorder may contribute to the chronic multisymptom illnesses of the Gulf War veterans [3] [4] as well as aerotoxic syndrome (especially tricresyl phosphate poisoning) The exact cause of the syndrome is unknown, although it has been associated with inhibition of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6, aka neuropathy ...