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Clonidine. Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A -adrenergic agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
A sympatholytic (sympathoplegic) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). [1] They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as antihypertensives. They are also used to treat anxiety, such as generalized ...
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist: a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids. [13] For example, it is used to restore breathing after an opioid overdose. [13] Effects begin within two minutes when given intravenously, five minutes when injected into a muscle, [13] and ten minutes as a nasal spray. [14]
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4][5] OIH is not necessarily confined to ...
In Wikidata. Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including pain relief. As a class of substances, they act on opioid receptors to produce morphine -like effects. [ 2 ][ 3 ]
A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term "muscle relaxant" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics. Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with ...
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the G i heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α 2A -, α 2B -, and α 2C -adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α 2D -adrenergic receptor as well. [1]
An opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Fentanyl. 2 mg (white powder to the right) is a lethal dose in most people. [1] US penny is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that ...