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The solution to the frame problem given in the fluent calculus is to specify the effects of actions by stating how a term representing the state changes when the action is executed. For example, the action of opening the door at time 0 is represented by the formula:
A problem frame is a description of a recognizable class of problems, where the class of problems has a known solution. In a sense, problem frames are problem patterns. Each problem frame has its own frame diagram. A frame diagram looks essentially like a problem diagram, but instead of showing specific domains and requirements, it shows types ...
The two solutions with the vertical axis denoting time, and brown, grey, green and beige paths denoting the wolf, goat, cabbage and boat, respectively. The first step that must be taken is to let the goat go across the river, as any other actions will result in the goat or the cabbage being eaten.
The problem is often stated as follows: "A hiker is lost in a forest whose shape and dimensions are precisely known to him. What is the best path for him to follow to escape from the forest?" [2] It is usually assumed that the hiker does not know the starting point or direction he is facing. The best path is taken to be the one that minimizes ...
Well-known river-crossing puzzles include: The fox, goose, and bag of beans puzzle, in which a farmer must transport a fox, goose and bag of beans from one side of a river to another using a boat which can only hold one item in addition to the farmer, subject to the constraints that the fox cannot be left alone with the goose, and the goose cannot be left alone with the beans.
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Frame-alignment comes in four forms: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension and frame transformation. Frame bridging involves the "linkage of two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or problem" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 467).