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The sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion is one of three roots of the ciliary ganglion. It contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers whose cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion. Their axons ascend with the internal carotid artery as a plexus of nerves, the internal carotid plexus.
The sympathetic root contains the postganglionic sympathetic axons that provide sympathetic supply to the blood vessels of the eye. Sometimes, they also supply the pupillary dilator muscle , however these axons usually travel from the nasociliary nerve to the long ciliary nerves to enter the eye.
The sympathetic fibers are provided by the superior cervical ganglion and reach the ganglion either as branches of the nasociliary nerve or directly from the extension of the plexus on the ophthalmic artery (sympathetic branch to ciliary ganglion). The sympathetics are non-specific and provide vasoconstriction of the globe.
Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. (Ciliospinal center not labeled, but region is situated in spinal cord segment T1-T2, which is labeled; red dots situated within ciliospinal center.) Pathway in blue actually represents parasympathetic pathway.
The long ciliary nerves contain post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion for the dilator pupillae muscle. [1] The sympathetic fibers to the dilator pupillae muscle mainly travel in the nasociliary nerve but there are also sympathetic fibers in the short ciliary nerves that pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses.
Since both the short and long ciliary nerves carry the afferent limb of the corneal reflex, one can test the integrity of the nasociliary nerve (and, ultimately, the trigeminal nerve) by examining this reflex in the patient. Normally both eyes should blink when either cornea (not the conjunctiva, which is supplied by the adjacent cutaneous ...
In the sympathetic division, neurons are mostly adrenergic (that is, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as the primary neurotransmitters). Notable exceptions to this rule include the sympathetic innervation of sweat glands and arrectores pilorum muscles where the neurotransmitter at both pre and post ganglionic synapses is acetylcholine.
Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus.These fibres are then distributed to deep structures, including the superior tarsal muscle and pupillary dilator muscle. [2]