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  2. Total disc replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Disc_Replacement

    The first design with wide clinical adoption was the Charité disc replacement, designed by East German scientists: two-time Olympic champion in women's artistic gymnastics Karin Büttner-Janz and Kurt Schellnack, a doctor, engineer, and professor—both of whom were affiliated with the Charité Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery at the Medical ...

  3. Laminectomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminectomy

    A laminectomy performed as a minimal spinal surgery procedure is a tissue-preserving surgery that leaves more of the muscle intact and spares the spinal process. Another procedure, called the laminotomy, is the removal of a mid-portion of one lamina and may be done either with a conventional open technique or in a minimalistic fashion with the ...

  4. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cervical...

    1. a herniated disc when other non-surgical treatments have failed. The nucleus pulposus (the jelly-like center of the disc) of the herniated disc bulges out through the annulus (surrounding wall) and presses on the nerve root next to it. 2. degenerative disc disease (spondylosis). The disc consists of about 80% water.

  5. Degenerative disc disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_disc_disease

    Degenerative disc disease; Other names: Degenerative disc disorder, intervertebral disc degeneration: Degenerated disc between C5 and C6 (vertebra at the top of the picture is C2), with osteophytes anteriorly (to the left) on the lower portion of the C5 and upper portion of the C6 vertebral body. Specialty: Orthopedics: Risk factors: Connective ...

  6. Retrolisthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrolisthesis

    The soft tissue of the disc is often caused to bulge in retrolistheses. These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or ...

  7. Discectomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discectomy

    Most athletes return to their pre-surgery level after a discectomy. A systematic review of 450 athletes shows that 75–100% of athletes return to play after surgery. [ 5 ] The average recovery period ranged from 2.8 to 8.7 months.

  8. Disc herniation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_herniation

    Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica .

  9. Cervical vertebrae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae

    The giraffe's neck is elongated by heterochrony, extension of the time for the embryonic development of these bones. [ 4 ] By convention, the cervical vertebrae are numbered, with the first one (C1) closest to the skull and higher numbered vertebrae (C2–C7) proceeding away from the skull and down the spine.